![]() Dendritic Patterning in Different Neural Architectures Finally, we discuss the coordination of multiple extrinsic factors in regulating dendritic development. We then summarize the recently uncovered mechanisms of action that mediate dendritic patterning in response to extrinsic factors at various dendritic developmental stages. ![]() First, we describe current work on different neural architectures, highlighting notable aspects of dendritic routing related to each architecture. ![]() This review focuses on the morphological aspects instructed by secreted and contact-mediated factors and the mechanisms by which extrinsic cues and key intrinsic regulators are spatiotemporally coordinated to shape dendritic patterning. Additionally, recent genetic and transcriptomic analyses have revealed that different types of neurons express distinct cell surface proteins that respond to external cues in order to guide and shape dendrites ( Li et al., 2017 Kurmangaliyev et al., 2019 Davis et al., 2020 Jain et al., 2020). Dendrite development requires specific intrinsic factors, such as transcriptional regulators, that facilitate growth of neurons and allow the cells to acquire subtype-specific morphologies ( Jan and Jan, 2010 Dong et al., 2015). Moreover, failures to establish proper dendritic structures have been observed in human pathological studies of neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders ( Kulkarni and Firestein, 2012 Forrest et al., 2018).ĭuring brain development, each neuron runs a temporal cell-intrinsic growth program and also responds to dynamic environmental cues, with interplay between these extrinsic factors and intrinsic processes ensuring proper dendritic morphogenesis. Thus, dendrite shapes and sizes can conceivably affect synaptic connectivity and neuronal computation. Quantitative analyses of pyramidal and Purkinje cells suggest that their dendritic morphology maximizes the complexity of potential inputs under the constrain of total dendritic lengths while theoretical modeling of neocortical neurons suggests that changes in dendritic morphology are able to alter signal propagation within the neuron ( Mainen and Sejnowski, 1996 Wen et al., 2009). Stereotypical dendrite arborizations are tightly correlated with neuronal identity and functions. The locations of dendritic arbors determine the types of presynaptic partners and input information that is received and integrated, while the dendritic shape, size and complexity govern the input number and passive electrotonic properties ( London and Hausser, 2005 Lefebvre et al., 2015). Neurons form complex yet stereotyped branching dendritic arbors, which receive and process information from other neurons. Introduction: Dendritic Forms Follow Functions Recent work has begun to uncover how the coordinated signaling of multiple extrinsic factors promotes complexity in dendritic trees and ensures robust dendritic patterning. The different ligand-receptor interactions and downstream signaling events appear to direct dendrite morphogenesis by converging on two categorical mechanisms: local cytoskeletal and adhesion modulation and global transcriptional regulation of key dendritic growth components, such as lipid synthesis enzymes. Surrounding neurons or supporting cells express adhesion receptors and secreted proteins that respectively, act via direct contact or over short distances to shape, size, and localize dendrites during specific developmental stages. In this review, we focus on the actions of extrinsic intercellular communication factors and their effects on intrinsic developmental processes that lead to dendrite patterning. ![]() Stereotypic dendrite arborizations are key morphological features of neuronal identity, as the size, shape and location of dendritic trees determine the synaptic input fields and how information is integrated within developed neural circuits. 2Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.1Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.Tzu-Yang Lin 1, Pei-Ju Chen 1, Hung-Hsiang Yu 1, Chao-Ping Hsu 2 and Chi-Hon Lee 1* ![]()
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